The effects of expanding police use of force training in the 21st century keeping people safe and limiting agency liability

Abstract

This seminar paper provides a critical examination of current law enforcement use-of force and defensive tactics training, arguing that traditional models, largely rooted in outdated techniques and compliance-based instruction, fail to meet the evolving demands of modern policing. Drawing from cognitive and behavioral learning theories such as the Yerkes-Dodson Law, Cognitive Load Theory, and Situated Learning Theory, the analysis emphasizes the shortcomings of static, lecture-based training and explores the benefits of scenario-based, stress exposure models. Military, medical, and tactical training parallels are drawn to highlight the necessity of dynamic, real-world simulations that better prepare officers for high-stress encounters. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is presented as a practical and control-focused supplement to traditional defensive tactics training, offering officers safer alternatives to strikes, batons, and electronic control devices. Real-world data from agencies such as the Marietta Police Department and St. Paul Police Department reveal notable reductions in officer injuries, Taser deployments, litigation, and excessive force complaints following BJJ program implementation. These outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of practical, control-based training methods in promoting officer confidence, reducing harm, and lowering departmental liability. Ultimately, the paper supports a shift toward evidence-based training reforms and recommends additional research on long-term departmental outcomes tied to BJJ and scenario-driven training models.