Tourmaline is a semiprecious gemstone known in the geologic community known for its complex chemical formula. This is because the crystal structure of tourmaline can incorporate and contain numerous elements from the ...

The dramatic contrast in the geochemical evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmatic systems has remained an enigma since their original characterization nearly a century ago. Recently, two new models that describe ...

We present preliminary results on the nature of dissolved water in glass beads to Native American connections with early European traders and explorers. Our study involves the first investigation of these glass artifacts ...

We present spectroscopic analyses that characterize the distribution and abundance of hydroxyl-bearing impurities within a single quartz crystal grown in hydrothermal fluid. We focus on a gemmy quartz crystal collected in ...

The role of contaminant diffusion purple quartz, otherwise known as amethyst, is commonly known for its occurrence as clusters of gemmy crystals that grow on the walls of fluid-filled fractures and vugs in hydrothermal ...

The Eagle Mine of the Upper Peninsula, Michigan is host to a productive copper-nickel, sulfide-rich ore deposit that is hosted within the Yellow Dog Intrusion, a mafic intrusive igneous rock. The origin of the ore and ...

Gemmy hydrothermal quartz crystals typically exhibit each of their six prism and six rhombohedral crystal faces. However, discerning which of the crystal faces were actively growing at any given time during construction ...