Glass trade beads made in Europe were an important commodity in colonial North America. The style and composition of glass beads were unique to each manufacturing site and can be used today to trace trading relationships ...

Glass beads manufactured in Europe were brought to North America and used in trade with native American peoples. The style and composition of glass beads can be used to trace intercontinental connections between the 16th ...

With the aim of discerning fluid conditions present during hydrothermal activity associated with Alpine metamorphism, we present new results on the abundance and distribution of hydrous impurities in co-crystallizing ...

The chemical composition of tourmaline can provide unique insights into the thermal evolution of their growth environment, including that of pegmatites (in igneous systems) and hydrothermal veins (in metamorphic systems). ...

Tourmaline is a semiprecious gemstone known in the geologic community known for its complex chemical formula. This is because the crystal structure of tourmaline can incorporate and contain numerous elements from the ...

We present preliminary results on the nature of dissolved water in glass beads to Native American connections with early European traders and explorers. Our study involves the first investigation of these glass artifacts ...

We present spectroscopic analyses that characterize the distribution and abundance of hydroxyl-bearing impurities within a single quartz crystal grown in hydrothermal fluid. We focus on a gemmy quartz crystal collected in ...