Studies have shown that when individuals are motivated - either externally or internally - to complete a task, their respective performance increases relative to the non-reward groups. However, few studies have looked at ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate how chewing gum both affects physiological stress responses directly and short-term memory indirectly. It was hypothesized that chewing gum will directly attenuate the elicited ...

Distractive stimuli divert students’ attention and disrupts the memory formation process. Stress, as measured by physiological changes including rise in blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance, also affect the ...