http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/6782 History 489 capstone papers, Archives Series 333 http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/36844 The Triumvirate: Manifestations of Protest at Wisconsin State University-Eau Claire in the 1960s Hansen, Jodi http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/36842 Dissent, A Study of Student Dissent at the UWEC 1968-1970 Hass, Jamie http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35684 The Wisconsin 26th Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Civil War : Liberalism or Economics? Whittenberger, Zachary D. This paper looks at the 26th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment which fought in the United States Civil War, and the reasons for enlistment. The men were all born in Germany, and had immigrated to the United States with their families sometime after the 1848 Revolution failed. This paper gives background to the Revolution; the reasons Germans left their country for the United States; and seeks to answer the question as to why these men fought in the Civil War. This is accomplished by using personal letters from a soldier of the unit, Adam Muenzenberger to his wife describing his view of the war. The argument is German men enlisted due to the large amount of pay involved; and did not enlist for political reasons as is emphasized by most scholars. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35681 How Location and Response Influenced the Spread and Containment of Spanish Influenza in Wisconsin : Comparing Milwaukee and Eau Claire Thompson, Hollie J. This paper examines the impact of Spanish Influenza on the cities of Milwaukee and Eau Claire, WI in 1918. The main argument is that Eau Claire fared better than Milwaukee in the epidemic not because of its demographic make-up and geographical location but rather because of the procedures Eau Claire took in order to contain the disease and to prevent the further spread of it. Records from the Eau Claire Department of Health as well as articles within the local newspapers, such as the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and the Eau Claire Leader Telegram, are used to document and gauge the effectiveness of health policies enacted to help curb the spread of the pandemic by both cities during its second wave from September through December 1918. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35678 The Saloon in Eau Claire, Wisconsin 1880-1920 : a Working Man's Institution Schaar, Ann In the decades prior to prohibition, the saloon was an economic and cultural institution in industrial communities that was created, operated, and frequented by the working class. In Eau Claire, Wisconsin, the number of saloons increased and decreased with the growth and decline of the lumber industry. This paper uses city directories, censuses, newspapers, and lumber statistics between 1880 and 1920 to analyze the relationship between the saloon, the lumber industry, and the working class in Eau Claire during this period. It also explores the different economic and cultural functions of the saloon and how these functions met the needs of Eau Claire's working class. Ultimately, the saloon in Eau Claire declined with the lumber industry, which led to increased diversification and greater upward mobility within the town's workforce. The examination of the saloon in Eau Claire contributes to the understanding of working class formation and culture in America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35561 "War Is Hell!" : a Look at Modern Total Warfare Engelking, Kyle This paper examines modern strategy at the general officer level in the context of modern total warfare. This analysis attempts to prove that General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea campaign influenced grand strategy and tactics in future wars. Sherman's understanding of war and the need to defeat enemies psychologically will be compared to the strategy and tactics of French General Napoleon Bonaparte and German Field Marshall Erwin Rommel. Sherman's melding of battlefield and rear make him the first of the modern generals. This study uses military theory to define the chief characteristics of a modern general as well as modern total war. Sherman's tactics and strategies, the way he psychologically waged war on his opponents, as well as the technology he implemented will be compared to Bonaparte and Rommel. This comparative analysis demonstrates Napoleon was the prototype of a modern general, albeit with tactical and technological deficits. It was Sherman who implemented tactics that would later be used by Rommel and other World War II generals that allow Sherman to be considered a truly modern general who had ideas of waging war that were ahead of his time. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35558 A Tale of Two Migrations : the Dependence of the Volga German Refugees of 1917-1923 on the Earlier Volga German Migrations of 1871-1914 Justmann, Lydia This paper focuses on the Volga German migrations to the United States, and the degree to which the migration of 1917 to 1923 was dependent upon earlier migrations beginning in 1871. The catalyst for the first major Volga German migration was the repeal of the German colonists' military exemption. This, combined with encouragement from the United States and the Volga Germans who had already relocated, brought a steady stream of immigrants to the U.S. until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The Volga Germans who remained behind were drafted into brutal warfare, deprived of their livelihoods, and then threatened with starvation and exile. Hearing of their plight, the Volga Germans living in the U.S. formed relief societies which sent thousands of dollars to save their fellow countrymen and assisted them at every stage of their difficult migration during a time of war and civil strife. Transcripts of oral interviews, autobiographies, newspaper articles and Volga Relief Society records are used to support the claim that the migration of Volga Germans following WWI would not have been possible without the assistance of the Volga Germans already residing in the United States. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35555 Gaylord Nelson, Father of Earth Day : Bridging the Gap from Conservation to Environmentalism Jones, Clayton R. Senator Gaylord Nelson founded Earth Day, an important event in American environmental history. Nonetheless, there are significant gaps in the scholarly analysis of Nelson's overall contributions to the conservation and environmental movements. For the most part, scholars have focused on Earth Day itself, arguing that Nelson's brainchild was a watershed moment for Americans who worked for and cared about protecting the natural world. Consequently, their focus tends to be on Earth Day and subsequent contingent events in conservation history. While important, Earth Day would not have been as important as it was without the specific guidance and insight provided by Gaylord Nelson. This paper considers the senatorial career of Gaylord Nelson from 1963-1970, placing his work in context by briefly examining the history of American conservationism and environmentalism from 1864. I argue that while Earth Day was, in fact, a critical event, its significance is best seen in the light of what happened that day but also by what preceded it. It turns out that the real importance of Earth Day lies in its precursors as well as the events that followed, and that Gaylord Nelson was a singular figure in American history due to his unique abilities to build coalitions and bridge gaps between people and institutions of disparate beliefs and values. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35552 The Fractured Alliance : an Account of the Unsuccessful Alliance between the French and Algonquians in the Great Lakes Region, 1650- 1750 Ferge, Alex French traders, missionaries, and administrators arrived in the Great Lakes region in the middle of the 17th century. Upon their arrival they found villages of Algonquian speakers who they attempted to force into a coercive alliance. Unfortunately, for the French they would not have the ability to establish a coercive alliance. Their low population would limit the ability of the French to create a stable economy to trade with the Algonquians. Also, the population was made up of different constituencies that often opposed one another. They also would not understand the cultural elements of Algonquian life. The French could not provide the type of alliance that the Algonquians had set out to create with them. Finally, the encroachment of the British into the Ohio River Valley during the Seven Year's War would dismantle the French alliance and oust them from the continent. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35549 Vietnam Veterans : War Atrocities, Social Connections and Assimilation Carll, Brad The Vietnam War was unlike any war that America has ever been a part of. The experiences of unconventional warfare affected many coming back to America. Since Vietnam, Historians have looked at Vietnam and asked "what went wrong?" When examining the failures of the Vietnam War, the most apparent problem was the failure to provide support for enlisted men to assimilate back into American culture. In order to examine the problems of assimilation, a random sample of twenty Vietnam veteran oral histories were analyzed. This paper focuses on social connections developed during and after the war, and how they affected assimilation. Many veterans did not have a problems adapting back into American society because of the support networks that the soldiers created or maintained during war. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35546 The Ringling Brothers From Baraboo to Barnum, Bailey and Bridgeport Bruce, Andrea The Ringling Brothers is arguably the most well-known name in the circus business. This paper explores the nature of their success from 1882-1918, beginning with their first venture in ther hometown of Baraboo, Wisconsin to the acquiring of Barnum & Bailey and eventually the moving of their winter quarters from Baraboo, Wisconsin to Bridgeport, Connecticut. Using a plethora of primary sources pulled from newspaper articles, oral interviews and autobiographies, this paper argues that the Ringlings did not appear in a vacuum. Wisconsin was already an established circus state. Morever, the Ringling Brothers were ultimately able to becoming a global success because they were able to grow and adapt to new venues and changes in their industry while at the same time maintaining the fundamental characteristics of a family business that first led to their success as a small rural circus in Wisconsin. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35543 Stereotyping the Black Athlete : a Look at How Racism Has Persisted Through the Civil Rights Movement Boehm, Joshua J. This paper argues that even though Black athletes gained numerous opportunities and became a much more visible part of the sports world because of the 1960s Civil Rights movement in national sports magazines, these opportunities do not mean that the use of racist stereotypes of the American Black athlete decreased. Through a systematic analysis of two national sports magazines in the 1950's and the 1970's this paper highlights how a selection of racist terms and phrases persisted through the Civil Rights movement. This persistence illustrates how deeply in-grained racism is in American society. There were some stereotypes that were altered because of the Civil Rights movement and in some way lead to the end of the stereotypes use by the media. Sports are often viewed as representative of the best of our society; this paper documents that in the case of racism, it can also be representative of the worst. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35540 The Second Wave of the Women's Rights Movement: Different Women, Different Missions Pomrening, Dawn Many people believe that all women of various ethnic backgrounds in the United States involved in the Women's Rights Movement during the late 1960s and early 1970s were fighting for the same issues but this may not be true. This paper compares the mainstream women's rights movement and the feminist movement of Wisconsin Native American women during this era. A comparison of Ms. Magazine articles of the early 1970s and Wisconsin Tribal Women's News: Najinakwe demonstrates that there was a significant difference in each group's mission even though their goals were similar. Throughout history, women of different cultural backgrounds have had accessibility to different degrees of "equality." This paper argues that while there was a feminist movement within the Native American community, their mission was explicitly for the betterment of women involved as well as their communities. Throughout history Native American women have had a greater sense of equality within their communities or they have not seen their work as beneath that of the men of their society. This was something the women of the mainstream movement did feel. They thought that their work and gender were under-appreciated in American society. The Native American women argued that their work as mother and nurturer gave them power and was seen in their society as the most power a woman could have, the power of reproduction. The middle class white woman saw their ability to reproduce as their yoke of burden. They loved their children but thought they could do more in the world outside of their homes and families. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35537 Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia : Managing his Public Image Livingston, Clayton The Vietnam War was one of the most controversial events of the twentieth century. American involvement in Vietnam began as advisory support for the French, who were trying in vain to reassert colonial control over Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos after the conclusion of World War II. This support gradually but steadily increased, ultimately amounting to the presence of more than 500,000 U.S. combat troops at the height of the war. In March of 1970, longtime Cambodian head of state and self-proclaimed neutralist, Norodom Sihanouk, was removed in a coup by two men friendly to American interests. Shortly after his removal, American and South Vietnamese troops crossed into Cambodia, and began what would become known as the Cambodian incursion. At the intersection of Cambodia, the Vietnam War, and Norodom Sihanouk, there are two prominent American journalists who covered the events in Southeast Asia, Sam Jaffe and William Attwood. Jaffe was the first American journalist to interview Sihanouk, and he and Attwood interviewed Sihanouk in 1968 and maintained an ongoing professional correspondence with him. This paper examines, within the context of the Vietnam War, the relationship that existed between Sihanouk and the two American journalists, both during his time as Cambodian head of state and afterwards. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/35534 Female Medical Missionaries : Using Traditional Roles to Transcend the Status Quo Bartlett, Melissa This paper examines the role of female medical missionaries during the first half of the twentieth century. Female medical missionaries worked within the traditional roles of the time such as caring for the sick, injured, and less fortunate by nursing them back to health. However, they also expanded traditional roles for women by having careers as nurses, traveling thousands of miles around the world, assuming leadership roles, and becoming independent, competent, and self-sufficient people. The duality of their roles, part traditional and part radical, made female medical missionaries pioneers for other generations of women to follow. By analyzing the personal papers, letters, diaries, and autobiographies of several female medical missionaries, this paper documents the ways in which they transformed conventional female roles into new and expanded roles outside of the home and family. In addition, it explores how female medical missionaries, through their medical mission work, were able to fulfill a moral, Christian obligation while at the same time utilizing their medical skills to increase their professional and personal opportunities.